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Library

The reasons behind your numbers, from the same sources the app uses. Where a detail is our own choice, we say so.

Lifting

How your weights go up

Each exercise has a rep range, like 6–10. Keep the same weight and add reps until every set reaches the top. Then the weight goes up by the smallest step and the reps drop back down.

Source: ACSM progression position stand (2009); NSCA “2-for-2” rule · in the app: Why? in the workout
Lifting

How big a step

Add 2–10% to the weight once you can do 1–2 reps more than your target. If you're new, 65+ or carrying extra weight, you reach the top of the range twice in a row first.

Source: American College of Sports Medicine (2009); NSCA “2-for-2” rule · in the app: Why? in the workout
Lifting

Reps first, then a harder version

Bodyweight and band moves have no weight to add, so you add reps until every set reaches the top of the range, then move on to a harder version of the move.

Source: The same double-progression rule; the easier / harder ladder is our convention · in the app: Why? in the workout
Lifting

Comparing different sets fairly

Sessions are compared by an estimated one-rep max, so 60 kg × 8 and 57.5 kg × 10 can be compared fairly: weight × (1 + reps ÷ 30).

Source: Epley formula (1985) · in the app: Why these numbers?
Lifting

How many sets

At least 10 hard sets per muscle a week grows more than fewer, with each muscle trained about twice a week.

Source: Schoenfeld, Ogborn & Krieger 2017; Schoenfeld, Ogborn & Krieger 2016 · in the app: How we got these
Rest

How long to rest

Big compound lifts: 2:00 (3:00 when you do 5 reps or fewer). Smaller isolation moves: 1:30. Holds and balance work: 0:45. The exact times are partly our convention.

Source: ACSM 2009, plus our convention · in the app: Rest timer default
Rest

After a break

After a break we start lighter so the first session back goes well: 90% of your last weight after 14+ days off, 80% after 28+. These percentages are our convention, not a study result.

Source: Our convention (labelled in the app) · in the app: Why? in the workout
Food & weight

Why the date is a range

Bodies adapt. The old 7,700 kcal-per-kg rule overstates long-run weight loss, so the app models your weight week by week and you re-measure every 2–4 weeks.

Source: Hall et al. 2011, Lancet (the NIH Body Weight Planner model) · in the app: How we got these
Food & weight

A steady pace keeps muscle

Fat loss at 0.5–1% of your bodyweight a week. In one study the slower group kept more lean mass.

Source: Helms, Aragon & Fitschen 2014; Garthe et al. 2011 · in the app: How we got these
Food & weight

Lift while you lose

In a calorie deficit, lifting is there to keep the muscle you have. Resistance training helps hold on to lean mass while you lose weight.

Source: Donnelly et al. 2009, ACSM position stand · in the app: How we got these
Moving

How much activity

Adults: 150–300 min a week of moderate aerobic activity, and muscle-strengthening on 2 or more days. For 65+: balance and strength on 3 or more days, to prevent falls.

Source: WHO 2020 guidelines (Bull et al. 2020, BJSM) · in the app: How we got these
Moving

Steps a day

The drop in mortality levels off around 8,000–10,000 steps a day for adults under 60, and 6,000–8,000 for adults 60 and over. Walking to work or the shops counts.

Source: Paluch et al. 2022, Lancet Public Health (15 cohorts) · in the app: How we got these
Moving

Keeping what you built

Muscle and strength hold on about a third of the building volume, if the sets stay hard.

Source: Bickel, Cross & Bamman 2011; Spiering et al. 2021 · in the app: How we got these